![]() ![]() Many anxiety treatments exist, including anti-anxiety medications (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines), cognitive strategies, behavioural approaches (cognitive behavioural therapy, exposure, relaxation), mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches. This suggests that treatments that target cortisol and other components of the HPA axis may be potentially effective in treating anxiety. Indeed, higher cortisol levels are present in people suffering from anxiety disorders. Specifically, increased activity of the HPA axis is associated with hypercortisolemia and reduced inhibitory feedback. The bulk of the evidence indicates that ELS often lead to permanent changes in the HPA axis and may develop into anxiety in adulthood. In these terms, it is likely that the COVID19 pandemic could be an ELS for many people during this time. ELS has the effect of negatively influencing an individual’s development affecting all spheres of an individual’s life: emotional, cognitive, behavioural, social and physical. In many cases the origins of anxiety can be traced to early stressful life events (ELS) that alter the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. ![]() adults being three times more likely to screen positive for anxiety disorders in April/May 2020 compared to 2019. COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns have further increased the prevalence of anxiety with U.S. The economic cost of anxiety in the 1990’s in the United States was estimated to range from $42.3 billion to $46.6 billion. He has been granted stock options, which may qualify him to financially benefit from commercial applications of the technology considered here.Īnxiety has been steadily increasing, particularly in the adolescent and young adult populations in the past 24 years. Frank Russo has served as an advisor for LUCID (the company which supplied the music curation system) since 2018 and as Chief Science Officer since 2021. The funders played no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: Dr. Adiel Mallik would like to acknowledge the support of the Mitacs Accelerate (IT16618) and Mitacs Industrial Accelerate (IT17123) grants. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The deidentified data that support the findings of this study are available on the Open Science Framework at this link. Received: JAccepted: JanuPublished: March 9, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Mallik, Russo. PLoS ONE 17(3):Įditor: Humaira Nisar, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, MALAYSIA ![]() Citation: Mallik A, Russo FA (2022) The effects of music & auditory beat stimulation on anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. ![]()
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